Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Review - Article Example The major points of the article can be described eventually. Leadership does not consist of a single trait or feature. Rather it is a set of skills and attitudes, which set the leaders apart from the rest. There are a set of principles and practices, which when followed by the college students or by employees in the early part of their career, will help to embark upon a journey of leadership skills. This set of principles can be very useful in the later part of the career for the growth. One of major points in creating leadership skills is ensuring credibility. This takes a long time to develop and generally arises out of the trustworthiness bestowed upon by the subordinates. Managing time is another important point, which ensures leadership quality. The subordinates look upon for examples in a leader and time management is one of the most important points in ensuring leadership skills. Being proactive is a trait, which distinguish the leaders from the rest. A leader should know what has to be done rather to follow the general courses of action. Giving others a chance to contribute to the organization and attaching importance to every individual are traits, which build a leader. This helps in developing trustworthiness among the subordinates and the leader and helps in generating supporting activities between them. Communication is one of the main activities of every business. The leaders are no exception to that and they have to develop a strong networking function and bond over the group of people. In addition to the above major points, the article dwells on some of the minor points, which can be discussed now. The subordinates will only consider an individual a leader when he develops a trust among the constituents. A leader must be â€Å"honest, forward looking, competent and inspiring†. (Boone & Peborde, 2008; p 2) There will be major hindrances in completing activities in the deadline. There may be

Differences in Men’s and Women’s Speech Essay Example for Free

Differences in Men’s and Women’s Speech Essay Many works have been devoted to the differences in communication between people. It has been proved that such factors as the interlocutors’ education or the status of the relationship influence people’s utterances. Furthermore, linguists claim that also biological sex influences the choice of language people use to communicate with each other. In discourse on different ways of communication of males and females, linguists have resigned with the term â€Å"sex† replacing it by the â€Å"gender† which refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and the attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. For most academics gender communication focuses on the expressions used by one gender in the relationships and roles between people. First of all, men and women approach communication with a distinct set of rules and interpretations of talk. While men focus on status and independence, women in the same time focus on intimacy and connection and this difference might make communication between the sexes problematic. Deborah Tannen states that communication between men and women can be like cross cultural communication, prey to a clash of conversational styles (Tannen, 2001). In a similar manner to Tannen, John Gray (1992) presents theory that women use a lot of artistic words expressions like metaphors, comparisons or generalizations in their speech which men understand literally causing miscommunication between the sexes. He also states that men are more direct and straight in their speech. However he declares that in addition to a communication difference, there is a difference in thinking, feeling, perception, etc. Jennifer Coates (1986) wrote about her studies involving gender separated discussion groups. From her observations she noted that women reveal a lot about their private lives in their conversations, stick to one topic for a long time, let all speakers finish their sentences and try to have everyone participate. In contrast, men discussed things other than their personal relationships and feelings, change topics frequently, dominate conversations and establish a hierarchy in communication over time. The influence of gender differences begins very early in childhood and can shape the communication of style of the adult (Tannen, 2001). Studies on children show that there are language differences between boys and girls as early as nursery. Tannen highlights differences in the way young girls and boys use language in childhood, stating  that girls make requests, use language to create harmony and use more words while boys make demands, create conflict and use more actions. The differences in adults are thought to stem from influences in childhood such as parents and playtime tools. In the first few years of life girls are more used to physical touch by their mothers during childhood compared with boys. Women therefore use touch to express caring, empathy and emotions. In contrast, men regard touch as way to communicate sexual interest, orders, and as a symbol of control. Men are more competitive and verbally assertive due to childhood influences of toys such as guns and swords. Summing up, persons communication skills in addition to being partially genetic are therefore also shaped by factors such as society and culture.

Freuds Theory of Unconscious in Inter Group Relations

Freuds Theory of Unconscious in Inter Group Relations Freud’s contributions to inter group relations Freud’s theories on unconsciousness provided an important perspective that was relevant to the study of inter group relations. Freud believed that groups were composed of the unconscious life of each member. He thought a group couldn’t be understood without exploring the unconscious aspects of the individual member. He also was of the opinion that the individual couldn’t be separated from the group. In order to understand the mind, Freud believed that attention had to be paid to how the mind of an individual interacts with others (Caper 1999). The basis of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is that all behaviour is both instinctual and biological. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is composed of the ego which works to find a balance between the id and the superego. The superego would be classified as the demands our society places on the individual for acceptable behaviour, and the id comprises instincts, such as sex and aggression (Schultz Schultz 2005). T his aspect of Freud’s theory plays an important role in inter group relations. It addresses the unconscious nature of each person in a group environment, as well as the unconscious nature of the entire group (Wrogemann 2003). Unconscious influences at work in inter group relations are experienced in different ways. One example is when a group is experiencing a failure and in order to protect their ego they engage in defence mechanisms by blaming other groups for their failure. They look outside of themselves for excuses as to why their effort failed, instead of realizing as Freud did, that the anxiety each member experienced was cause by low self-esteem and insecurities (Bodenhausen, Mussweiler, Gabriel, Moreno 2001; Wrogemann 2003). Freud’s theory of the unconscious and ego protection sheds light on how to improve inter group relations and increase success. If a group stopped deflecting from their own shortcomings by looking outside of their own organization they could more effectively correct their problems. If they would attempt to find the roots of their own behaviour they could get to the source of their failure. They would find it didn’t come from an outside group, but from within the mselves (Wrogemann 2003). Freud’s theories, in part, are the basis for Terror Management Theory (TMT), which deals with managing thoughts of death and is important to inter group relations (Navarette, Kirkpatrick, Kurzban Fessler 2004). Looking inwardly is a concept that originated with Freud. McCormick and White (2000) reported that this self-analyzing method was an important aspect of psychoanalytic theory. Other scientists picked up on it and applied it to the study of groups (as cited in Wrogemann 2003). Cilliers and Koortzen (1998) report that Freud’s theories of psychodynamics contributed to the concept that groups have a life of their own. Not only does a group have a collective consciousness, it also is composed of the collective unconscious nuances of each individual (as cited in Wrogemann 2003). Each member of a group brings to it their own unconscious desires and unmet needs. Their inner conflicts and tensions are played out in the group setting, such as at work. In the work environment, as each person unconsciously attempts to solve their issues, they are met with frustration and disappointment. The work environment cannot meet those needs leading the individual to become aggressive and exhibit ot her negative behaviours. The end result is that of strained relationships with others. As with other groups experiencing failure, workers have a tendency to blame their frustrations on someone else. They blame others for their lack of success or their disappointment while at the same time attempting to find security in those very relationships (Wrogemann 2003). Freud’s theory of regression was important to understanding inter group relations. Freud believed that depersonalization took place in the group causing a shift in inter group relations. The shift occurred when the individual member of a group loses his individuality and those unique qualities that set him apart from others. The process is an unconscious one where the group member takes on the role of child and the leader that of the parent. The result is a type of dependence on the leader that leads to thoughts that the group is not composed of individuals (Freud 1921). The lines become blurred. Bion (1961) had a more positive outlook on the dynamics of inter group relations. He claimed that when individuals came together in a group that they surrender their individuality to the leader and group in order to experience wholeness, oneness, and security. In order for the group to continue to exist it takes on something bigger that is outside of themselves. Freud’s contributions to the study of inter group relations was significant. By focusing on the unconscious he brought attention to the elements of group dynamics that involved unmet needs, unfulfilled desires, and other drives that are hidden, yet influencing factors in group interaction. His theory of the id, ego, and superego help to explain what happens in the mind of the individual and then collectively when part of a group. On his views regarding the importance of the individual in the context of a group, Freud wrote: only rarely and under certain exceptional conditions is individual  psychology in a position to disregard the relations of this individual  to others. In the individuals mental life someone else is invariably  involved, as a model, as an object, as a helper or as an opponent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (quoted in Caper 1999, pg. 1). Some of Freud’s theories have not been supported by subsequent testing by others, but a number of them have been shown to be valid. Freud’s theories on the unconscious and its relation to a person’s behaviour, thoughts, and emotions were accurate. Research that was conducted long after the Freud era ended demonstrated that his theory on the role of the unconscious was more extensive than anyone thought possible. Freud had no idea just how far-reaching his theory on the unconscious was (Schultz Schultz 2005). Research into inter group relations is based partly on the contributions of Sigmund Freud and the benefits derived are substantial. References Bion, W. 1961, Experience in Groups. New York, Basic Books. Bodenhausen, G., Mussweiler, T., Gabriel, S. Moreno, K. 2001, Affective Influences  On Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations. In Handbook of Affect and Social   Cognition, ed. J.P. Forgas, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ,  pp. 319-338. Caper, R. 1999, ‘Group Psychology and the Psychoanalytic Group’, [Online],  International Psychoanalytic Organization, pg. 1. Available from:  http://eseries.ipa.org.uk/prev/CIRC/Caper-m1.htm> [3 January 2006]. Freud, S. 1921, ‘Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego’, London,  International Psychological Press. Navarette, C. , Kirkpatrick, L., Kurzban, R. Fessler, D. 2004, Group Processes and   Intergroup Relations, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 370-397. Schultz, D. Schultz, S. 2004, A History of Modern Psychology (8th ed.). Belmont,  CA, Thompson/Wadsworth. Wrogemann, G. 2003, ‘Intergroup Relations in Organisations’, 6th Annual Conference of   The Society for Industrial and Organisational Psychology, Available from:  http://www.siopsa.org.za, [3 January 2006].

The Ego, the Superego and Kizer’s Bitch: Freud in Poetry Essay

Carolyn Ashley Kizer was born on December 10, 1925. Her father was a lawyer and her mother a labor organizer in the Pacific Northwest, although she held a doctorate in biology. Her parents were older than the parents of her friends, but filled the house with a rich intellectual atmosphere that surely influenced the young Kizer (McFarland). Throughout her childhood her parents would read her the works of Whitman and Keats before bed (Schumock), but it wasn’t until she was middle aged that she devoted herself to literary pursuits. It is strange that such a revelation happened so late in life, considering the poet Vachel Lindsay was a houseguest of her parents not to mention the academically freeing ambiance. But Kizer herself references this change of direction to repressed â€Å"psychic energy† (O’Conner) after her divorce from her first husband and the tutelage of her mentor and teacher Theodore Roethke. Through this awakening and beyond, Kizer has left a trail o f politically, socially and culturally relevant poetry that has won her many awards and accolades, including the Pulitzer Prize in 1985 for her collection Yin. One of her most well-known works, entitled â€Å"Bitch†, was published in 1984 in the collection of poems Mermaids in the Basement. The poem written in a single stanza of 34 lines depicts the scene of a woman meeting an ex-lover in a random encounter. What is later depicted in the poem is an intricate display of contrasting emotions and thoughts. Outwardly, the woman is polite and pleasant to the man, but inwardly her â€Å"bitch† fumes at the meeting. Her inner â€Å"bitch† remembers the relationship and wants the woman to outwardly display her disdain. The woman’s internal dialogue subdues the wanton wanting of her harsh inner cri... ... rare glimpse at this dynamic, and in turn, gives the reader not only a good tale, but also a closer look at themselves. Works Cited Kizer, Carolyn A. "Poetry Magazine." Bitch by Carolyn Kizer. Copper Canyon Press. Web. 27 May 2012. . Kuhn, Elisabeth D. "Kizer's Bitch." The Explicator 66.2 (2008): 108-11. Print. McFarland, Ron. "Carolyn Kizer." Cyclopedia of World Authors. 4th ed. Pasadena, CA: Salem, 2003. MagillOnLiterature Plus. 28 Dec. 2011. Web. 27 May 2012. O'Connell, Nicholas. At the Field's End: Interviews with 22 Pacific Northwest Writers. Seattle: University of Washington, 1998. Print. Schumock, Jim. Story, Story, Story: Conversations with American Authors. Seattle: Black Heron, 1999. Print. Wurtzel, Elizabeth. Bitch: In Praise of Difficult Women. New York: Doubleday, 1998. Print.

What Extent Do You Agree with This Statement?

â€Å"As a leader of Russia, Stalin achieved great success between 1924~1939. † To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. I agree to the statement to a large extent. A leader is a person who stands out different from other ordinary people with main ideal characteristics of having aggressiveness in speech and action and love for people and of being able to cope with problems and find a solution to it.Stalin had two of the qualities of being aggressive in speech and action, and being able to present a solution in difficult situation, but his passion for his people was minimal. These traits of his as a leader influenced how he achieved successes, such as consolidating his rule over Soviet Union and achieving significant economical development, or resulted in failure, such as huge human cost involved, between 1924~1939. Stalin was politically an aggressive orator and a ruthless dictator.These characteristics of him enabled him to secure his position as the leader of Russia and establish totalitarian rule over Russia. Stalin formed a new constitution for the Soviet Union which seemed democratic outwardly but in fact was his own backyard where everything was under Stalin’s or the Central Committee of the Communist Party’s rule. Furthermore, he embarked on a policy of purges in which many oppositions and rivals were executed mercilessly.Kamenev and Zinoviev were just few of his potential rivals that were executed after a pretend â€Å"show trial† and some were even believed to be assassinated. Through all these ruthless measures taken with his aggressive personality, Stalin had achieved his ultimate goal of steering he and his Communist Party to total control of Russia. Stalin also had a vision of his own and was able to produce solutions according to his vision in difficult situations and this helped him to achieve great economical development in short period of time.In 1931, Stalin prophesied – correctly as it turned out – that Russia had 10 years to modernise before it was attacked. Stalin wanted Soviet Union to be strong industrially as it would be more prepared to resist invasions and be more powerful than other Western countries. Thus, Stalin announced collectivisation, where larger farm is formed by gathering tiny farms in each village and more advanced agricultural machineries were used, to create an efficient and modernised farming environment.In order to further aid in progress in economics by expanding industries and industrial production, Stalin also introduced a series of Five-Year Plans. It enabled rapid expansion of heavy industries, such as coal, iron, steel and power, modernisation of existing industries and formation of new industries with foreign experts employed. It also exercised tight control over labour force by setting production targets for each factory and harsh punishments for poor absence and workmanship.Through Stalin’s economic policies, in long term, both grain and industrial production increased by manifold and almost full employment was achieved. Therefore, Stalin’s Stalin could prevent Russia’s economical collapse economy and instead developed Russia as a country with one of the strongest economy. However, one characteristic Stalin lacked as a leader was love for his people which reflected negatively on his ruling of Russia. His people’s, especially the peasants’, deaths were none of his concern and thus his little care for his people led to poor quality of life for people.As a result of his economic plans, there was large influx of people from the countryside and the towns and cities were unable to cope, resulting in break out of slums and poor living and working conditions. Production of consumer goods was also forgone to accommodate the concentration on heavy industry. The forced and harsh nature of his ruling and plans also incurred extremely high human cost. For example, due to res ist against collectivisation, peasants burned their crops and killed their livestock.This resulted in widespread famine, especially in Ukraine where more than 7 million died of starvation. Furthermore, to eliminate resistance, estimated 10 million Kulaks were executed. This shows how merciless Stalin was towards his people, particularly to those who oppose him. As such, Stalin’s uncompassionate feeling towards his people made him blind to all those human cost involved in his policies and caused much hate directed towards Stalin.To sum up, Stalin was in fact a great leader who achieved great success between 1924~1939 with his strong visions, totalitarian rule and economic policies. However, there are other side of the coin where by his lack of love for his people caused great human cost. From here, one can realise that though much developmental and economical successes have been achieved through his totalitarian ruling and economic plans as evident from the fact that under Sta lin’s rule, Russia became the second largest economically powerful country then.However, due to his lack of compassion and forced nature of the way he carried out his plan, he achieved little on improvement of social conditions and his people’s quality of life and had failed to win over the heart of his people. Still it is undeniable that Stalin was one of the most memorable leaders, not only in Russia, but also in the world for his achievements mentioned above that lasted till the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991.

These Tips Will Help You Decide on the Company to Buy Papers From

These Tips Will Help You Decide on the Company to Buy Papers From Essay writing services offer students a chance to get high-quality assignments that are plagiarism free within a short time but at a price. The services are popular among students that do not have time or have several assignments they have to complete. Benefits from Command the Services of the Custom Writing Services: 1.  They get to work with professionals that have the experience at an affordable price. 2.  The service is totally confidential and private. The companies will not resell or share your information. 3.  The professionals have the ability to produce high-quality custom papers on tight deadlines and with quick turnaround. 4.  It saves the students time so that they can use it on more important classwork. If it is the first time you are looking to command these services, then you will be doubtful and uncomfortable with the whole arrangement. It is important that you do not go in blindly you must gather some information before you can make a decision. You might have friends that had bad experiences, and this might make you shy away from the whole idea, but this should not be the case. Some of the writing agencies do not pay much attention to the success of their clients, and you should avoid such companies. Read more here: Buy Research Paper Online Closer Look at Descriptive Essay Top Essay Writing Service Buying a College Paper: pros and cons Buy an Essay Online 10 Tips to Help You When Buying an Essay 1. Never make impulsive decisions Make sure that you have your research before you can settle on a writer. 2. Find a reliable writing service This might seem obvious but can be overlooked. To find a reliable company, you must take your time to check the reputation of the company. Reading reviews gives you an idea of what others are saying about the services they got. If in the reviews you find clients complaining of plagiarized papers and poor customer service then do not consider such a company. Remember cheap is expensive so do not rush for the cheapest offers. 3. Clear requirements You also play a role in determining the quality of paper you get. Ensure that you give crystal clear requirements. Always make an extra effort to be as specific as possible about the things you need from the writer. 4. Ensure that the service is fairly priced Do not go for those writers that ask for a very low price for their service; this should raise a red flag. The price they charge is an indication of the quality of work they will deliver. You either get low-quality work or plagiarized work. 5. Always check the paper for originality Do not blindly accept the paper and then submit it. Make sure you check if it is 100% original. You can either choose to purchase a plagiarism checker software and check the work yourself, or you can decide to let the writer check it and send proof of originality. 6. Proofread and edit your work This the only sure way to know the grammar in your essay is impeccable, and you hired a person that is attentive to every detail. 7. Ask for revisions till you receive an impeccable paper Dont be shy to ask for as many revisions as you need. Usually, revisions are free of charge so dont accept the paper till you see a perfect result. 8. Never give your bank login credentials This is to keep you safe from a scam. 9. As for a custom sample You can check the quality of writing and decide if it meets your standards before hiring the writer. 10. Talk to the writer Talk to him as often as possible throughout the project to make sure that both of you are on the same page at all times. By following the above ten tips, you will be safe from scams, and you will get the highest quality papers that will improve your grades. Order here and you are assured   to get the highest quality within the shortest time and at fair prices.

How to Write a Bibliography For a Science Fair Project

How to Write a Bibliography For a Science Fair Project How to Write a Bibliography For a Science Fair Project When conducting a science fair project, it is important that you keep track of all the sources you use in your research. This includes books, magazines, journals, and Web sites. You will need to list these source materials in a bibliography. Bibliographic information is typically written in either Modern Language Association (MLA) or American Psychological Association (APA) format. Be sure to check with your science project instruction sheet in order to find out which method is required by your instructor. Use the format advised by your instructor. Key Takeaways Keeping track of the sources used for your research is very important when completing a science fair project bibliography.The Modern Language Association (MLA) format is one common format used for bibliographies for science fair projects.The American Psychological Association (APA) format is a second common format used for science fair project bibliographies.Both the MLA format as well as the APA format have specified formats to use for resources like books, magazines, and websites.Always make sure to use the correct format, whether MLA or APA, specified in the instructions that you receive for completing your science fair project. Heres How: MLA: Book Write the authors last name, first name and middle name or initial. End with a period.Write the title of the book in italics followed by a period.Write the place where your book was published (city) followed by a comma. The city of publication is only used when the book is published before 1900, if the publisher has offices in multiple countries or is otherwise unknown in North America.Write the publisher name followed by a comma.Write the publication date (year) followed by a period. MLA: Magazine Write the authors last name, first name followed by a period.Write the title of the article in quotation marks. End the title with a period inside the quotation marks.Write the title of the magazine in italics followed by a comma.Write the publication date (abbreviating the month) followed by a comma and the page numbers preceded by pp. and followed by a period. MLA: Website Write the authors last name, first name followed by a period.Write the name of the article or page title in quotation marks. End the title with a period inside the quotation marks.Write the title of the website in italics followed by a comma.If the name of the publisher differs from the name of the website, write the name of the sponsoring institution or publisher (if any) followed by a comma.Write the date published followed by a comma.Write the URL (website address) followed by a period. MLA Examples: Here is an example for a book Smith, John B. Science Fair Fun. Sterling Publishing Company, 1990.Here is an example for a magazine Carter, M. The Magnificent Ant. Nature, 4 Feb. 2014, pp. 10-40.Here is an example for a Web site Bailey, Regina. How to Write a Bibliography For a Science Fair Project. ThoughtCo, 8 Jun. 2019, www.thoughtco.com/write-bibliography-for-science-fair-project-4056999.Here is an example for a conversation Martin, Clara. Telephone conversation. 12 Jan. 2016. APA: Book Write the authors last name, first initial.Write the year of publication in parenthesis.Write the title of the book or source.Write the place where your source was published (city, state) followed by a colon. APA: Magazine Write the authors last name, first initial.Write the year of publication, month of publication in parenthesis.Write the title of the article.Write the title of the magazine in italics, volume, issue in parenthesis, and page numbers. APA: Web site Write the authors last name, first initial.Write the year, month, and day of publication in parenthesis.Write the title of the article.Write Retrieved from followed by the URL. APA Examples: Here is an example for a book Smith, J. (1990). Experiment Time. New York, NY: Sterling Pub. Company.Here is an example for a magazine Adams, F. (2012, May). House of the carnivorous plants. Time, 123(12), 23-34.Here is an example for a Web site Bailey, R. (2019, June 8). How to Write a Bibliography For a Science Fair Project. Retrieved from www.thoughtco.com/write-bibliography-for-science-fair-project-4056999.Here is an example for a conversation Martin, C. (2016, January 12). Personal Conversation. The bibliography formats used in this listing are based on the MLA 8th Edition and APA 6th Edition. Science Fair Projects For additional information about science fair projects, see: Scientific MethodAnimal Project IdeasHuman Body Project IdeasPlant Project Ideas Sources Purdue Writing Lab. APA Formatting and Style Guide. Purdue Writing Lab, owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html.  Purdue Writing Lab. MLA Formatting and Style Guide. Purdue Writing Lab, owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_formatting_and_style_guide.html.

Careers in Criminal Justice Essay Example

Careers in Criminal Justice Essay Example Careers in Criminal Justice Essay Careers in Criminal Justice Essay Manuel A. Ventura CJ101 Intro to Criminal Justice KGA #1 Instructor: George L. Hicks, MAB 11/09/2010 TA KGA #1 CAREERS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE In the following paper I will be showing you some careers in the Criminal justice field, their job description, requirements, and some other information needed to make up your mind and decide what career you want to do for the rest of your life. These are three of the many careers you can follow. FBI SPECIAL AGENT PART 1 Education You must possess a four-year degree from an accredited college or university Entry level position No, you need to have a minimum of three years of professional work experience. Credentials needed None aside from the four-year degree Additional requirements FBI Academy The hiring criteria includes physical fitness, polygraph, background check, oral and writhing communication skills and psychological, evaluations. Whit this job is more than likely to be relocated to a different city or even a different state, depending on were they need more field agents. PART 2 What got me interested about this career field is the fact hat my career goal is to become a criminal profiler for the FBI and becoming a special agent is the stepping stone to becoming a profiler. The working conditions are rough it involves a lot of traveling and report writing but it also includes the excitement that in involves being a special agent for the FBI. The earnings vary depending on rank and experience the highest the rank the bigger paycheck you will receive. BAILLIFF PART 1 A Bailiff you will provide security and order in the court room. Education requirements â€Å"To become a Court Bailiff, you should have at least a high school diploma or GED. Supplemental training, either at a 2- or 4-year college, vocational school, or police academy will be an asset in pursuing a position as a Court Bailiff. †(Education Portal, Par 2) Entry level position No you need to complete the police academy in order to be accepted as a Bailiff. The hiring criteria includes physical fitness, polygraph, background check, oral and writhing communication skills and psychological, evaluations. PART 2 I chose this career field because being in the court room as a Bailiff is really interesting because you get to see the stories that the witnesses, the plaintiff and the defendants bring to the court. The working conditions are good you do not have to travel and you get holiday vacations. The earnings seem reasonable for this position the may vary from 18 dollars an hour to 32 dollars an hour. CORRECTIONS OFFICER PART 1 Guard inmates through their daily routine and make sure there are no disturbances. Education requirements High school diploma Entry level position â€Å"This entry-level training program requires applicants to complete a 16-week training academy and a 2-year, 3,600-hour apprenticeship within the California prison system. †¦ Be at least 21 years of age, have U. S. citizenship, be physically fit and have a clean felony-free criminal record that permits the carry and use of a firearm†(Education Portal 2, Par 3) The hiring criteria includes physical fitness, polygraph, background check, oral and writhing communication skills and psychological, evaluations. PART 2 I chose this career field because this will be a great stepping stone towards obtaining experience in the criminal justice field, and being able to accomplish my goal of becoming an FBI profiler. The working conditions are good you do not have to travel and you get holiday vacations. The earnings seem reasonable for this position $3,050 a month while attending the Basic Correctional Officer Academy, $3,774 a month with successful completion of the Basic Correctional Officer Academy and you could earn up to $6,144. 0 a month. Works cited Education Portal http://education-portal. com/articles/Court_Bailiff_Job_Duties_and_Requirements_for_Becoming_a_Cou rt_Bailiff. html 10/30/2010 Education Portal 2 http://education-portal. com/california_correctional_officer. html 10/30/2010 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation cdcr. ca. gov/Career_Opportunities/por/docs/payandbenefits. pdf 10/30/2010

The Effect the Outdoor Enviroment Has on Childrens Knowledge and Literature review

The Effect the Outdoor Enviroment Has on Childrens Knowledge and Understanding of the World - Literature review Example Through exploration, they also understand how change comes about. They also learn to understand patterns, similarities, as well as differences and how things work the way they do (Ouvry, 2003). In understanding the world, designing and making are essential elements. By designing and making, they learn the construction process and tools involved, including the techniques which are needed in order to build or assemble something (Bilton, 2010). Understanding the world also includes the use of computer technology, learning how to use such technologies including the programmable toys which can support their learning process (Fairfield Children’s Centre, 2011). In relation to time, it is a unit of measurement which helps children understand the world, their past, their present, and their future. Place is also an aspect of their understanding of the world as children become more aware of the natural world and their localities, their communities, and what they may like or dislike abou t their environment (Fairfield Children’s Centre, 2011). Through their communities, children get a larger understanding of the world, especially as they find out about their culture, and the culture of others. Through their interactions with communities, they also learn to understand the similarities and differences in culture, beliefs, traditions, as well as practices. These elements all contribute to the children’s understanding of the world. According to Ouvry (2003) children learn to understand the world as they start to explore it, and such explorations are often best left to the children, allowing them to make their own discoveries and develop their personal... This report focuses on the conditions of children's learning and growing. Children learn fast and effectively by doing, by using their hands and their senses to explore and understand their environment. Their progress and development in the future is based on innovation and creativeness. It is therefore crucial for children to be armed with significant and lifelong learning tools, as well as attitudes. In continuing to understand the world, it is important for children to be encouraged in their curiosity, to be assisted as they explore their ideas, and to be encouraged to try things out even if they may not work out well. The knowledge and understanding of the world is based on various elements. One of these elements relate to exploration and investigation This paper makes a conclusion that the above literature indicates the relationship between the outside world and the children’s learning. The studies highlight the importance of allowing children to interact with the outdoors as it helps them acquire skills, knowledge, behaviour, and attitudes which can they can use in better understanding the world. Through outdoor plays and environmental interactions, they are able to gain a better understanding of their classroom instructions, applying theoretical concepts to the real world and on real time. What results is an engaged, dynamic, and diverse learning atmosphere for children who are able to understand and appreciate the world outside their classrooms.

Information Technology for Managers Research Paper

Information Technology for Managers - Research Paper Example It must be noted that there are three possible choices for employees and people who would actually be working on the projects and they are ‘the own staff’, ‘consultants’, and the ‘outsource firms’. The above figure shows the mapping for three areas of acquiring custom designs, application package and carrying out the ongoing operations. The ‘own staff’ model has a typical structure of a project manager, developers, testers and so on and is best suited for areas such as infrastructure maintenance, help desk support, back up and so on. In his article on team management, written for the Sloan’s Management Review, Lucas (2006) speaks of the composition, role, and function of the IT team. According to the author, the IT industry does not have too many Generalists but rather specialists who would be looking after specific aspects of the business. Typically, the top and the middle rungs of the team structure would have different roles such as manager, CIO, process manager, the project manager, and the technical staff. Each of these roles would have certain responsibilities and functions and while there is a certain amount of pyramid structure and hierarchy, all roles have to coordinate their efforts for the project to be successful. Wiseman (2004) points out that small project or organizations that may not have large IT initiatives would have a smaller and focussed IT team. Large organizations, on the other hand, would have a full-fledged department that looks at IT as the driver for change management and to bri ng inefficiencies and improvements in the firm. For such organizations, the author has suggested a multi-layers organization as illustrated in the following figure.e, Lucas (2007, p. 171) points out that in some cases, the IT team has to be viewed in context with the model of development that the organization has adopted and the model could be in-house development, outsourcing or offshoring.

Phase 4 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Phase 4 Discussion Board - Essay Example Yes, I would switch to the Visa Student Card. This is because the interest charged using the Visa Student Card of $270 is lower compared to the interest charged using my existing credit card of $412.50. Most important, I would switch to any credit card that offers lower interest rate on my purchases after six months taking in account that the credit cards offers an interest rate of 0% on all purchases and balance transfers for six months. In case of Open-End Credit, a borrower can continue to borrow (purchase) and pay in various amounts. In case of Closed-End Credit, the lender tells the borrower how much they can borrow and a fee schedule is set up, which the borrower pays until the debt is paid off. In general, Open-End Credit is for small purchases and Closed-End Credit is for bigger purchase. Credit card purchases are an example of Open-End Credit and a Car loan taken is an example of Closed-End Credit. Many large appliance stores offer simple interest loans to their customers. For example, suppose a customer is interested in purchasing a $1,400.00 refrigerator at Myer Appliances. The customer is unable to pay the total amount at the time of purchase, so Myer’s lets the customer make a down payment of $140 and then 12 monthly payments of $120.75.   Suppose that you are unable to pay the total amount for your appliance at the time of purchase, so you take out a simple interest loan. The store will let you make a 10% down payment and then make 12 equal monthly payments for the remaining balance at a simple interest rate of

Business Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Strategy - Research Paper Example There were several initiatives developed as part of this strategy as will be described and evaluated below. One of the initiatives was ensuring that the company registered improved restaurant operations. In an effort to achieve this, McDonald’s ensured that employees received relevant training to their job responsibilities as well as leadership skills. Since the company has the Hamburger University, it proved easy for it to offer training programs. In addition, McDonald’s sought to ensure that its products were sold at an affordable price. Notably, the company indulges in research on the emerging economic trends and ensures that it adjusts prices to match the economic situation. The company focused on cutting down costs so that it would succeed in reducing the food prices. However, it maintained its quality of services and food. McDonald’s also increased the variety of its menu presenting consumers a diverse range of beverages and fast foods. The company was keen to realize that healthy eating has become a priority for many consumers and introduced quick service foods , which are healthy. Worth noting is the fact that the company also increased the number of McCafes as well as operating hours (Weinstein, 2012). In order to determine whether McDonald’s strategy is well matched to the industry conditions, it is critical to consider how its internal and external conditions complement each other and how they are aligned with the industry conditions. Evidently, McDonald’s has identified and utilized the best opportunities available in the market. It strives to offer its consumers unique products. In addition, the company has ensured that its business strategy conforms to the emerging social and economic conditions as well as buyer preferences. This is made evident by the fact that the company reduces prices when there are economic hardships. Moreover, it

Compare and contrast the transport planning models for passenger and Research Paper

Compare and contrast the transport planning models for passenger and freight transport - Research Paper Example Through such  information estimates are made about the effect of new  developments on  the amount of required  parking space and local  traffic volumes (Litman, 2012). Economic models focus on identifying  and comparing  the benefits  of certain  transportation improvements, like  the advantage  of expanding  a roadway or  improvement in public transit service.  They endeavor to  compare multifarious  classifications  of benefits and costs. They concentrate on  a comparatively  limited set of advantages.  For instance  they  often overlook  vehicle ownership cost savings and parking considerations that arise  due to  switching of travelers  from automobile travel to other  modes (TRB-Transportation Research Board). These models aim at anticipating the impact of  transportation improvements on land use patterns like the kind of  location and  development that  will evolve as a consequence of  improvement of  highway or transit service.  These are deemed to be  the best tools for analyzing  transportation programs and  policies (Litman, 2012).   The purpose of these  models is to  predict the effect of certain  vehicle  transport policies and projects on  fuel consumption  and pollution emissions. However  it is observed  that  traditional models mostly underscore  emission reductions and expansion of roadways while they  undermine  TDM strategies (Slack, 2013). Transport planning models for freight transport  focus more  on quantitative factors like  operating costs,  travel speed  and crash rates etc while planning models for passenger transport give more consideration to  qualitative factors like  travel convenience,  security and comfort of passengers (Slack,

Discuss whether producing and selling private labels could be a viable Essay

Discuss whether producing and selling private labels could be a viable strategy for manufacturers of branded products - Essay Example There has been a considerable debate in the management literature regarding the fact that whether manufacturing and selling of private brands is a viable marketing strategy or not. This paper tries to present a balanced view regarding the topic by understanding the reasons for each of the stance. The concept of private label branding has often been criticized by researchers as it is essentially copying of the original brand. The research conducted by Kumar and Steenkamp (2007) has shown that the private labels mainly copy the packaging and content of the manufacturer brands that involves minimal research and developmental costs. The research conducted by Mitchell and Kearney (2002) had shown that following the private branding strategy can create a number of legal hassles for the companies because of incidents like trademark infringement, misappropriation of profits of original brand owners. The research conducted by J. Fernie, S. Fernie and Moore (2003) has shown that national brand manufacturers often decides to produce private labels because they can accrue efficiency gain from the process and eventually the manufacturers are able to produce products of superior quality at a lower cost or similar quality products at the same cost of production. The market strategy often t urns viable because the negotiation power of the retailers increase dusring the process. The research conducted by Bergà ¨s-Sennou, Bontems and Rà ©quillart (2004) has shown that national brand manufacturers often consider the strategy of producing the private labels beneficial if they find the concentration of the retail market share favourable. The synthesis of the current literature shows that the viability of production of private label depends on difference between the national brand produced by the manufacturers and the private brands produced by them. Producing private brands by national brand manufacturers will not be a

Business Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Strategy - Research Paper Example There were several initiatives developed as part of this strategy as will be described and evaluated below. One of the initiatives was ensuring that the company registered improved restaurant operations. In an effort to achieve this, McDonald’s ensured that employees received relevant training to their job responsibilities as well as leadership skills. Since the company has the Hamburger University, it proved easy for it to offer training programs. In addition, McDonald’s sought to ensure that its products were sold at an affordable price. Notably, the company indulges in research on the emerging economic trends and ensures that it adjusts prices to match the economic situation. The company focused on cutting down costs so that it would succeed in reducing the food prices. However, it maintained its quality of services and food. McDonald’s also increased the variety of its menu presenting consumers a diverse range of beverages and fast foods. The company was keen to realize that healthy eating has become a priority for many consumers and introduced quick service foods , which are healthy. Worth noting is the fact that the company also increased the number of McCafes as well as operating hours (Weinstein, 2012). In order to determine whether McDonald’s strategy is well matched to the industry conditions, it is critical to consider how its internal and external conditions complement each other and how they are aligned with the industry conditions. Evidently, McDonald’s has identified and utilized the best opportunities available in the market. It strives to offer its consumers unique products. In addition, the company has ensured that its business strategy conforms to the emerging social and economic conditions as well as buyer preferences. This is made evident by the fact that the company reduces prices when there are economic hardships. Moreover, it

Discuss whether producing and selling private labels could be a viable Essay

Discuss whether producing and selling private labels could be a viable strategy for manufacturers of branded products - Essay Example There has been a considerable debate in the management literature regarding the fact that whether manufacturing and selling of private brands is a viable marketing strategy or not. This paper tries to present a balanced view regarding the topic by understanding the reasons for each of the stance. The concept of private label branding has often been criticized by researchers as it is essentially copying of the original brand. The research conducted by Kumar and Steenkamp (2007) has shown that the private labels mainly copy the packaging and content of the manufacturer brands that involves minimal research and developmental costs. The research conducted by Mitchell and Kearney (2002) had shown that following the private branding strategy can create a number of legal hassles for the companies because of incidents like trademark infringement, misappropriation of profits of original brand owners. The research conducted by J. Fernie, S. Fernie and Moore (2003) has shown that national brand manufacturers often decides to produce private labels because they can accrue efficiency gain from the process and eventually the manufacturers are able to produce products of superior quality at a lower cost or similar quality products at the same cost of production. The market strategy often t urns viable because the negotiation power of the retailers increase dusring the process. The research conducted by Bergà ¨s-Sennou, Bontems and Rà ©quillart (2004) has shown that national brand manufacturers often consider the strategy of producing the private labels beneficial if they find the concentration of the retail market share favourable. The synthesis of the current literature shows that the viability of production of private label depends on difference between the national brand produced by the manufacturers and the private brands produced by them. Producing private brands by national brand manufacturers will not be a

Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Management Essay Executive Summery TEVTA was formed by an Ordinance No XXIV of 1999 promulgated by Governor of the Punjab. Government of Punjab passed an ordinance to provide for the constitution of the Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (TEVTA) of the Punjab. The prime aim of TEVTA is to provide technically and skilled trained human resources to the Industry in the province, as per their demand. Another function of TEVTA is Develop and offer Need Based Short Courses in the sector of new technologies to the Industry and also to offer services for solutions regarding associated production problems and establish a Staff Development System to offer demand oriented teacher instructor training and upgrading performance. TEVTA Regulate and develop standards of technical education and vocational training including internationally recognized curriculum, examination and certification system and assess the Manpower Training Needs in the context of domestic and global markets. Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (TEVTA) was set up by Government of the Punjab for promoting enhancing technical education vocational training in the province. TEVTA is operating about 25 Technical institutes/colleges, 114 commerce colleges, 303 vocational institutes and 17 Service Centres total 472 Institutions for this purpose more than 11000 Staff is working under its umbrella. TEVTA also providing Training to their employees and students all over the Punjab in various technical courses. There are two sub-departments of Human Resource Management department. One is Training Department and second one is Career Planning department. This report briefly discussing the functions of HR department in TEVTA. This report also including the suggestions and points out the area in improvements can be. In this report I briefly discussed the business sector of TEVTA organization, history of the organization, nature of the organization, service lines of TEVTA organization. I have also presented the organization hierarchy chart with details of each department and introduction, I have also given the comments on organization structure that what is the impact of organization hierarchy on different factors and I VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN vii TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY viii have also discussed the decision making impact, chain of command and span of control. I have also discussed the brief introduction of my department where I worked in and wrote the detailed description of operation and activities of the departments I worked in. Next I described HRM department hierarchy and its subdepartments. Next I explained the HR needs, sources of candidates, employment selection process, Training Need Assessment (TNA), Performance Appraisal, types of compensation and benefits, organization job changes, separations, layoff, labour management relations, terminations, resignation and retirement I have also discussed the promotion, transfer, demotion. After going through all these topics I have also included Critical Analysis and SWOT analysis of organization in the service sector. After that reader will find conclusion and recommendation for improvement of services. In this report I have explained all my observations and experience got in TEVTA during my internship tenure regarding HRD, recruitment and selectio n, performance appraisal. I go into the assignments with details given by the internship supervisors with detail of each assignment. I spent good time in learning and learnt to deal with different situations and had experience of organization environment. I would like to highlight that my experience with TEVTA organization was very memorable and full of learning’s. VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN viii TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY. ix Table of Contents S. No Description Introduction Of Technical Education Sector 8-Brief introduction of the organization’s business sector 9-Overview of TEVTA a. History b. Nature of TEVTA c. Business volume d. Product lines e. Competitors 10-Organizational Structure a. Organizational Hierarchy chart b. Number of employees c. Main offices d. Introduction of all departments e. Comments on the organizational structure 11-Plan Of Your Internship Program a. Introduction of TEVTA Secretariat Lahore b. Starting ending dates of internship c. Description of the departments 12-Training Program a. Descriptions of the operations/activities of the departments b. Descriptions of the tasks assigned 13-Structure Of The HR Department a. Department hierarchy b. Number of employees c. Descriptions of Sub Departments. 14-Functions of HR Department a. Human resource planning and forecasting ? HRP process ? Forecasting HR requirements ? Methods to forecast HR needs b. Employees Recruitment Selection ? Sources of candidates ? Employment selection process c. Training Development ? Training need assessment ? Employee development Page No 1 3 4 4 4 9 10 13 13 14 22 24 25 25 26 28 36 36 36 39 39 39 41 41 42 46 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN ix TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY x d. Performance Management ? Setting performance standards expectations ? How performance reports are written e. Employee Compensation Benefits ? Type of compensation benefits f. Organizational Career Management ? Employee job changes ? Job changes with the organization ? Promotion ? Transfer ? Demotion ? Separations ? Layoff ? Termination ? Resignation ? Retirement g. Labor Management Relations 15-Critical Analysis a. Success and failure b. Future prospects 16-SWOT Analysis a. Strengths b. Weaknesses c. Opportunities d. Threats 17-Conclusion Evaluation Assessment 18-Recommendations For Improvement Solution of Discrepancies 19-Reference Sources Used 20-Annexes 46 47 56 57 57 57 57 58 59 59 60 60 61 62 65 66 67 68 68 67 70 71 72 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN x TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 1 8-Brief introduction of the organization’s business sector The nature of this organization is to develop a skilled workforce for the local industry. TEVTA develops the skilled and technically experienced workforce for local industries. TEVTA also provides business solutions to industrial units. TEVTA playing very important role for Re-engineering and consolidate the existing technical education and vocational training system under one management structure. TEVTA Established close relationships with various sectors of economy namely Agriculture, industry, Services and Commerce. TEVTA Regulate and develop standards of technical education and vocational training including internationally recognized curriculum, examination and certification system and assess the Manpower Training Needs in the context of domestic and global markets. Another function of TEVTA is Develop and offer Need Based Short Courses in the sector of new technologies to the Industry and also to offer services for solutions regarding associated production problems and establish a Staff Development System to offer demand oriented teacher instructor training and upgrading performance. E D U C A T I O N T R A I N I N G SE C T O R Labour Market Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech. ) Diploma of Associate Engineers (D. A. E. ) Technical Education M. Com. B. Com. D. Com DBA Apprenticeship Training Certificate G-II G-III Certificate. Vocational Diploma/ Certificate Commerce Education Vocational Training High School Middle School Primary School VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 1 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 2 TEVTA is engaged in imparting technical education and vocational training through its 472 institutions which fall under the below mentioned categories. ? ? ? ? ? ? Government Technical Training Centres Government Technical Training Institutes Government Vocational Training Institutes Government Commercial Training Institutes Government Polytechnic Institutes Government Colleges of Technology. TEVTA in service sector also providing technical solutions to the industry. It registers the organizations through website interface and provides the solution of their problems registered with TEVTA. Courses of different levels and of different duration are being offered in TEVTA institutions to address the public and employer’s demand. In addition to vocational / technical courses of up to 3 years. â€Å"Degree courses for B-Com, B-Tech (Pass) and B-Tech (Honour) are also offered in Government Colleges of Commerce and Government Colleges of Technology†. In education sector TEVTA provides the cheapest education and training to their students that low cost syllabus books and practical and in some cases TEVTA charge no fee from students, free training materials is provided by the institutions and students are supported with stipend. TEVTA in education sector providing technical, commerce and vocational training education and occupied the large part of technical education sector in Punjab. All institutes registered with TEVTA are funded by TEVTA. TEVTA approves PC-1 and issues the finance to the concerned institutes. TEVTA helps all registered institutes with procurement, purchasing machinery and construction of institute buildings. TEVTA is in direct relationship with industry sector, education sector, agriculture, commerce and service sector. TEVTA develops the curricula with the consultation of industry sector like leather, textile and agriculture. VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 2 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 3 9-Overview of the organization TEVTA is a Technical Education Vocation Training Authority board who is responsible for the technical education training throughout the Punjab. It is formed by an Ordinance No. XXIV of 1999 promulgated by the Governor of the Punjab to fulfil the needs, wants and workforce of local industry by utilizing the vast network of training institutions. a. History TEVTA in collaboration with Chambers of Commerce Industry, Lahore has established its help-Desk within the premises of Chambers of Commerce Industry, Lahore. To assist/help the local industry by utilizing its vast network of training institutions, qualified and experienced faculty, to achieve the objectives of the project. Before TEVTA many technical institutes were working independently or under PSIC (Punjab Small Industries Export Corporation). PSIC was established by the government of Punjab to support, development and promotion of all small industrial units in Punjab. In 1999 PSIC handover many technical institutes to TEVTA authority. In 1999 TEVTA started work and start serving the all technical institutes in the Punjab and conduct first academic session in Punjab. In 1999 all technical institutes in Punjab started registration with TEVTA authority. The session was conducted of all technical institutes in 1999. The TEVTA board was fully functional at the end of year 1999 and all academic activities started under TEVTA board in 1999. Mission Statement To enhance global competitiveness in Punjab, through a quality and productive workforce by developing demand driven standardized, dynamic and integrated technical education and vocational training service. Service Volume TEVTA’s business volume is spread through out the Punjab serving 459 colleges. TEVTA has 17 Service Centres in all over the Punjab, providing services to all the institutes. And PBTE (Punjab Board of Technical Education) is also working under TEVTA. 45000 students enrol every year in TEVTA and PBTE. 3 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 4 b. Nature of TEVTA TEVTA is a vocational authority board who is responsible for vocation training all over the Punjab. For this purpose TEVTA board has established PBTE (Punjab Board of Technical Education). There are 472 vocational colleges who are working under TEVTA. TEVTA provides full funds and services to all registered institutes. And planning, organizing, leading and controlling all vocational institutes. The nature of this organization is to develop skilled workforce for the local and international industry. TEVTA also provides business solutions to industrial units. TEVTA playing very important role for Re-engineering and consolidate the existing technical education and vocational training system under one management structure. c. Service Lines TEVTA has a very long list of services providing. TEVTA offering many type of short and associate engineering courses in all o ver the Punjab. The list of TEVTA’s product line is given below. TEVTA providing Commerce Education, Training Education and vocation Education. d. Courses Offered Degree B. Tech Auto Diesel Chemical Civil Mechanical Refrigeration Air Conditioning Electrical Electronics Auto and Farm B. Tech (Hons) Auto Diesel Electronics and Communication Chemical Civil Mechanical Refrigeration Air Conditioning Electrical Auto Diesel Electronics and Communication DAE Duration 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 4 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 5. Architecture Auto Diesel Chemical Civil Mechanical Refrigeration Air Conditioning Auto and Farm Automation Bio Medical Computer Information Technology Electrical Electronic Textile Weaving Technology Foundry Pattern Making Instrumentation Printing Graphic Arts Textile Spinning Welder Food Technology Telecom Petroleum Petrochemical Dress Designing Making Diploma Diploma in Electronics Publishing Technology Higher National Diploma (Telecom) Higher National Diploma (Chemical) Higher National Diploma (Electronics) Higher National Diploma (Mechanical) Higher National Diploma (Textile) Diploma in Commerce Diploma in Information Technology Diploma in  Office Management Post Diploma Bio Medical Technology Environmental Control Technology Commerce Education Master Degree M. Com Graduation Degree B. Com Diploma (2 year) Diploma in Business Administration Diploma in Commerce Diploma in Information Technology 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years years 1 year 2 Years 2 Years 2 Years 2 Years 2 Years 2 Years 1 year 1 year 1 Year 1 Year 2 Years 2 Years 2Years 2 Years 1 Year 5 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 6. Diploma in Vocational Girls Certificate Certificate in Computer Applications Certificate in Computer Applications Spoken English Spoken English Vocational Education Vocational Diploma (1-2 years) Diploma in Commerce Diploma in Information Technology Dress Designing Making Diploma in Vocational Girls Diploma in Vocational Girls Diploma G-II (2 years) Diploma in Commerce Diploma in Information Technology Dress Designing Making Diploma in Vocational Girls Diploma in Vocational Girls Diploma G-III (1 year) Mechanical (G-III) Refrigeration Air Conditioning (G-III) Auto and Farm (G-III) Electrical (G-III) Electronics (G-III). Auto Farm Machinery (G-III) Auto Electrician (G-III) Auto Mechanic(G Carpenter (G-III) Commercial Arts / Graphics (G-III) Computer and Electronics (G-III) Computer Operator (G-III) Draftsman Civil (G-III) Draftsman Mechanical(G Electrician (G-III) Fitter General (G-III) Industrial Electronics (G-III) Machinist (G-III) Mechanist (G-III) Painter (G-III) Electronics Application (Radio TV) (G-III) Tractor and Auto Mechanic (G-III). Welder (G-III) Computer Hardware (G-III) General Mechanic (G-III) 2 Years 3 Months 6 Months 3 Months 4 Months 2 Years 1 Year 2-Year 2 Years 2 Years 2 Years 1 Year 2-Year G-II 2 Years 2 Years 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 6 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 7. Motor Winding (G-III) Tailoring (G-III) Wood Work (G-III) Auto Mechanic(Diesel (G-III) Auto Mechanic(Petrol) (G-III) Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVACR) (G-III) Turner (G-III) Electrical Wiring Technician (G-III) Machine Shop (G-III) Bulldozer Operator (G-III) Textile Printing (G-III) Office Secretary (G-III) Mill Wright (G-III) Sports Goods Leather Work (G-III) Sports Goods Wood (G-III) Office Management Assistant (G-III) Dress Designing Making (G-III) Machine Embroidery (G-III) Beautician (G-III) Hair and skin Care (G-III) Fashion Designing (G-III) Certificate Refrigeration Air Conditioning Auto and Farm Auto Farm Machinery Auto Electrician Carpenter Computer Operator Computer Operator Electrician Machinist Mechanist Welder Driving Motor Winding Plumber Plumber Plumber Tailoring Tailoring Wood Work Auto Cad Auto Cad Auto Mechanic(Diesel) Auto Mechanic(Petrol) 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 3 12 6 3 6 6 3 6 6 6 7 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 8. Certificate in Computer Applications Certificate in Computer Applications Electronics Equipment Repair Home Appliances Repair Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning Mason/Bricks Layer Tractor Operator Turner Electrical Wiring Technician Machine Shop Bulldozer Operator Sheet Metal Civil Surveyor Mobile Repairing Mobile Repairing Certificate in Computer Graphics Wireman Paint Polish Electrical Appliances Machine Process for Wood Furniture Motor Cycle Mechanic Dress Designing Making Dress Designing Making Hand Embroidery Hand Embroidery Knitting Hand Machine Embroidery Machine Embroidery Beautician Beautician Certificate Vocational Girls (1 Year Certificate). Diploma in Vocational Girls (Additional) (Diploma 1 Year) Handicraft Industrial Stitching Machine Operator Leather Work Painting Painting Rural Poultry Spoken English Spoken English Stain Glass Painting Cooking Baking Domestic Tailoring Drawing Designing Electrical Mechanical (Vocational ) 3 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 3 6 3 3 6 3 12 12 12 6 3 3 3 6 6 3 4 3 3 3 3 6 8 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 9. Diploma in Vocational Teacher Training (Diploma 1 Year) Decoration Printing English Language e. Competitors There is not any considerable competitor in Punjab Province. 12 3 3 3 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 9 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 10 10-Organization Structure a. Organizational Hierarchy chart Organizational hierarchy is the formal framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped and coordinated. To achieve the main objective of the TEVTA structure is designed which is given asunder. Chairman TEVTA Secretary TEVTA Chairman PBTE COO Chairman TEVTA has the final authority in TEVTA to make amendments in TEVTA organization Structure. The Secretary TEVTA, COO (Chief Operating Officer) and the Chairman of PBTE (Punjab Board of Technical Education) is reported to Chairman TEVTA. Secretary TEVTA Manager P. Relations Manage HRM Manager Establishment Manager Inquiry Manager Legal All Managers of TEVTA, 1. Manager Public Relations (PR), 2. Manager Human Resource Management (HRM), 3. Manager Establishment, 4. Manager Inquiry and 5. Manager Legal matters are make reports to Secretary TEVTA. And all managers are also reported to their General Managers. COO TEVTA General Manager Finance General Manager SCs General Manager HRM General Manager Projects General Manager Operations General Manager Academic VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 10  TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 11 Chairman PBTE Trade Testing Board (Development Cell) General Manager Finance Manager Audit Manager Finance Manager MIS General Manager Human Resources Manager. Career Planning Manager Training General Manager Projects Manager Works General Manager Operations Manager Planning Manager Operations-I Manager Operations-II Manager Monitoring Manager Technical General Manager Academics Manager AA Manager AT Manager Curriculum Manager RD VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 11 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 12 General Manager Service Centres Manager Service Centres Organization Hierarchy Chart Organization Structure Of TEVTA. Chairman TEVTA BOARD Director (RD) (D) Secretary/C. O. O. (A) District Boards of Management Chairman (PBTE) Manager PR (I) Manager Legal (C) Manager HRM (A) Manager Enquiry (S) Manager Estt (B) GM Finance (A) Manager (MIS) (M) GM (Projects) (N) Manager (Admin) (Z) Advisor (PP) (G) GM Operations (A) GM Service Center (L) GM HRM (K) GM Academics (A) Dy. GM Finance (L) Dy. GM Service Centers (O) Manager Development (N) Manager Accounts (M) Manager Finance (A) Manager Works (N) Manager Projects (N) Manager Service Centers (F) Manager Training (A/R) Manager Career Planning (P/R) Manager Ops. I (E) Manager Ops. II(E) Manager Tech. (E) Manager ME (E) ZN-N (A). ZM-C (A) ZM-S (A) Manager (AA) (M) Manager Apprenticeship (J) Manager Curriculum (A) Manager (AC) (K) 07 DMs 07 DMs 07 DMs (A) (A) (A) Principals Principals Principals VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 12 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 13 b. Number of Employees Civil Employees. TEVTA Secretariat Institutes Zonal Office DM Office RDAT Development Cell Total 155 7830 24 71 58 31 8169 TEVTA Employees. 308 3285 20 162 12 2 3789 PSIC 2 663 0 0 0 0 665 Total 465 11778 44 233 70 33 12623 Vacant 145 3183 21 87 20 11 3467 c Main Offices Sr# 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Offices Public Relation Office Gulberg Human Resource Management Office Gulberg Career Planning Office Gulberg Establishment Office Gulberg Operations Management Offices Gulberg Inquiry Office Gulberg Research and Development Office Gulberg Curriculum Office Gulberg Service Centers Office Gulberg Training Office Gulberg AD Office Gulberg Academic Audit Office Gulberg Project Management Office Gulberg Administration Office Gulberg Examination and Certification Office Gulberg Govt. Institute of Leather Technology, Gujranwala. Cutlery Small Tools Industry Service Centre, Wazirabad. Light Engineering Service Centre, Gujranwala. Institute of Ceramics, Gujrat. Wood Working Service Centre, Gujrat. Govt. Wool Spinning Weaving Cum-Training Centre, Jhang Centre for Agricultural Machinery Industries, Govt. Weaving Finishing Institute, Shahdara. Govt. Polytechnic Institute, Shahdara. Pak German Institute of Cooperative Agriculture, Multan Institute of Blue Pottery Development, Multan (Productive/Service Centre) 13 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 14 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Wood Work Centre, Kot Addu (Productive/Service Centre) Wood Working Service Centre, Rawalpindi Metal Industry Development Centre, Sialkot Cantt. Govt. Weaving Finishing Centre Shahdara Knitwear Hosiery Centre, Faisalabad d. Introduction of All Departments Human Resource Management Department. The main function of Human Resource Management department is to recruitment, conducting staff training, handling pension cases, handling promotion cases, enquiry matters, service matters, amendments in service rules and union matters. Main functions of HRM department. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Employee’s performance evaluation Evaluation performance and improve organizational performance Job Evaluation Job  analysis Develop job Descriptions/positions according to the organization needs. Staffing. Issuance of vacancies of civil employees. Employee’s promotions and transfers. Recruitment and selection of people. Record Maintenance. Training Department Training department is a sub department of Human Resources department. Training department is responsible for conducting training programs. Training department assess the weak areas of the organization’s employees and conduct the training program for them. If there is any development in TEVTA curriculum and sallybus then training department conduct the training program for teacher for effectiveness in studies. Main functions of Training Department. ? Study gap analysis. 14 VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 15 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Trraining need assessment.. All skill up-gradation trainings. Pedagogy Trainigs. Matters relating with curriculum % manuals. Create training or development specification. Plan training and evaluation. Prepare Annual Training Plan/ Calendar. Finalization of Nominations, Venue Master Trainer Monitoring of Training activity. Proposal of nominations after short listing. Forward Nominations to PD. Preparation of cost / budget estimates release of funds. At the end of training program conducting Feedback from students. Data entry in MIS. Career Planing Department Career planning department is working under Human Resource Management department. Career planning department is a new personnel function. Career planning department of TEVTA is focusing on to motivate their employees towards their jobs with high efficiently and effectiveness. Career planning department of TEVTA has deep focus on individual employee potentials for promotion towards the organization needs and opportunities. Career planning department also help and cooperate with all internees came in TEVTA. Main functions of Career planning department. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Guidance of students, internees, and organization employees. Developing of job specifications and job descriptions. Maintaining of some sort of HR records of employees. Conduct of workshops/seminars for Placement Officers. Placement of Internees under NIP. Leave Account Termination of contract VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 15 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 16 ? ? Control absenteeism Short leave and late Attendance Fianancial Management Financial Management department handles the all money tax matters of and manages the financial resources of TEVTA and also leads the Administration department of TEVTA. Financial Management department performs the extensive responsibilities. Main function of Financial Management department ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Policy forming. Financial dicipline Financial analysis Tax matters Bugdeting Auiditing Internal Audit Physical Stocktaking Preparation of financial statements Sanctioning of Purchase Cases Release of Salary Development of Annual Budget and all procedures till approval Handling Financial Assistance Cases GPF Advance, Marriage, Funeral Grants Pension of PSIC Employees Release of LFA Administration Department Administration department perform all managerial functions. It handles three further departments, Diary and Dispatch department, Transport department, store department and to carry out any kind of security arrangements. Functions of Administration department ? Recruitment of contract employees in TEVTA secretariat and institutes all over the Punjab. VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 16. TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 17 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Maintenance of time in / time out register. Number of approval for local vehicles Record keeping of diary and dispatch, LFA, store section and transport section. Tenders open in the presence of purchase committee and the Bidders Examining demand preparing advertisement Submitting advertisement to Public Relation section Request for interview schedule to Appointing authority Short listing of candidates Call letters are issued Preparation of Marks Sheets/Files Consolidated marks sheet for signatures Establishment Department Functions of Establishment department ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Examination Give proposal Final shaping of the Case for getting Approval of the Competent Authority Preparing summary For SGAD / Finance etc Issuance of NOC to the nominee Decision / Minutes are put up for approval of authority to convey for implementation Coordinate meeting Receiving Complaints Preparing the case for probe / inquiry Amendments in service rules of TEVTA Postings and transfers House building advances Matters relating to PBTE. Managing all kind of leaves such as, medical leave, earned leave, study leave, extra ordinary leave. ? ? ? Deputation of cases. Marriage grants and funeral grants. Finance assistance cases. VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 17 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 18 ? ? To deal with Chief Minister’s complaint cell. Governments Circulars and Notifications. Legal Department Legal department is responsible for preparation of cases and proposals on TEVTA activities to help TEVTA to avoid from legislations. Finalize the parawise comments and submit to the competent authority, get signed the parawise comments from the Authority, present the rough draft of parawise comments, file the parawise comments in the Court, attend the Court on each date of hearing present/explain the case if necessary, put up the court order to the authority for implementation, attend the Court on each date of hearing and present/explain the in the Court and to provide legal opinions to TEVTA authorities. Enquiry Department Enquiry department is responsible of conducting enquiry of inefficiencies, misconduct, corruption, absence record of teacher and employees all over the Punjab, subversive activities and disciplinary actions. They investigate the activities/cases against the state in TEVTA institutions and all district managers and zonal managers. The competent authority of Enquiry department is secretary TEVTA. Enquiry department receive the cases of enquiry from grade 17 scale officers to 22 grade scale officers from all over the Punjab. Functions of inquiry department is to generate enquiry report, conducting enquiry of absence, corruption, misconduct, inefficiencies and activities against state matters, prepare the charge sheet / penal of enquiry officers / departmental representative. Research and Development Department Research and development department is responsible for overall development of TEVTA and its institutions, exercise market research, training need assessment and to coordinate with curriculum department for in development of curricula. Research and Development have to identify new trades and technologies in the market and TEVTA intuitions all over the Punjab. Functions of research and development department, approval of action plans industry visits, meetings with the stakeholders, review of draft TNA report, preparation of organization plans, coordinate with curriculum department and keep on eye on VIRTUAL UNIVERISTY OF PAKISTAN 18 TECHNICAL EDUCATIONAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 19 changes development in sallybus, to plan, supervise and coordinate research and development activities in Punjab and to identify technologies trades at new intuitions Curriculum Department The responsibility of Curriculum development is to develop the curricula of TEVTA institutions. They develop the curricula of 3 year DAE classes, B. Tech classes, 1 year, 6 months and 3 months courses. But they have they authority of authentication the curricula of courses below the period of 3 years. 3 years a curriculum is approved by the NEVTEC the higher authority of TEVTA. Curriculum department evaluates revision and develop the curricula. Functions of Curriculum department ? Proposal for curricula development committee, curricula revision committee and curricula evaluation committee. ? ? ? Scrutiny of Proposal Approval of CDC/CRC/CEC Proposal for manual development committee, manual revision committee and manual evaluation committee. ? ? ? Approval of MDC / MRC / MEC Preparation of manual Approval of curricula below 3 years. Academics/Academic Audit Department The main responsibility of Academic Audit department is to conduct audit of all institutions registered by the TEVTA all over the Punjab. Academic Audit department audit the teachers lessons and the completion of lesson during the specified time period. They check student’s practical copies, attendance registers, institutes operating manual, training manual, play ground and practical equipments. They are also responsible to prepare academic calendar for all institutions all over the Punjab and for PBTE. Functions of AcademicsAcademic Aduit department ? ? ? ? Preparation of Rolling Plan for Academic Audit Vetting of Academic Audit Report Submission of Academic Audit Rep.

World War II Late Attempts to Save the Jewish

World War II Late Attempts to Save the Jewish Anh Nguyen The Holocaust is a horrified event in world history. It killed over six million and left permanent scars on the Jewish population. During 1941, America engaged in the World War II. Essentially, all the resources must have been prioritized to win the war. Rescuing the Jews from the Nazis administration was not the first item on the list. Not until 1942, when the Americans fully had information about the mass killing of the Jews, there were two millions Jews killed by that time. The numbers kept on going until it reached to six millions people. It was an unimaginable scale of deaths. Americas government indifference and the media did not have an immediate actions towards the holocaust. The United States was a bystander during Germanys reign and the Holocaust because the State Department wanted to suppress the news about the Holocaust as well as the media which conflicted with the Treasury Department. The two important men that had a huge effect on the genocide were Adolf Hitler and President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Hitler was the mastermind behind the holocaust and he believed that the Jews were responsible for the spread of communism which was operating in Moscow. Based on this conspiracy, he and his most dedicated followers tried to destroy and murder every single person of Jewish ancestry. Hitler also believed in Darwinism which is a theory that races of humanity are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals Survival of the fittest economy. In this case, the Jews were threats and Hitler had all the rights to destroy them. At first, Hitler and his followers wanted to abuse German Jews so that they would emigrate to other countries. However, after Hitler successfully invaded Poland in 1939, instead of continuing to abuse the Jews, the new policy was to put the Jews to reservations and mass killing them all. The mass murder of the Jews first ha ppened in the fall of 1941 (McMillan, 6). Holocaust is a word originated from Greek meaning sacrifice by fire. Not only the Jews were the targeted group, some other groups were also the victims of the Holocaust. For instance, the Gypsies, the disabled, homosexuals, Slavic peoples, and other groups that were persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds were also in the systematic murder under Hitlers rules (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). Words could not describe the crimes that Hitler had put on those people. Former President Franklin D. Roosevelt was remembered for rescuing the Jews by establishing the War Refugee Board. However, on January 22, 1944 when Roosevelt issued the Executive Order 9417 to establish the War Refugee Board, he did not have the intention to rescue the Jews and open the door to welcome the refugees to the United States. It was not an easy decision for him whether to act about that or not. At that time, President Franklin D. Roosevelt had the pressure of the economic depression and the problems of millions of unemployed people (Morse, 202). Moreover, the Neutrality Law was passed during Roosevelts presidency by the United States Congress in 1935 and he did not veto the law. The law was passed to limit U.S involvement in future war. Roosevelts first interest in rescue began when he invited the thirty-two nations to meet Evian, France, to discuss about the refugee situation. However, he had no intention to change the immigration regulations and so others countries. Bef ore the establishment of the War Refugee Board, Roosevelt did not have a policy or take in any refugees. It was also a hard move for President Roosevelt to take in the refugees. President Herbert Hoover passed the quota laws after the Great Depression in 1929. This quota laws made it extremely difficult for people who were trying to obtain immigration visas. The American people did not need to give shelters for the immigrants who could not support themselves. They needed to have the financial resources to prove that they can support themselves in the United States. In addition, after the World War II began in 1939, the country was put in a different stage. The refugees needed to be screened on national security grounds which made the immigration process even harder. Moreover, the United States entered the war in December 1941, most of the American consulates had closed in most of Europe which made it nearly impossible for the refugees to escape the continent. (United States Holocaus t Memorial Museum). The War Refugee Board was established on January 22, 1944 by Franklin D. Roosevelt. The board was headed by John Pehle. The board came to work immediately. Their mission was to aid the victims of Nazism while pressing the Allies and neutral nations including Turkey, Portugal, Switzerland, Spain, and Sweden to take diplomatic action and create free ports to take in refugees. These free ports would only take in refugees temporarily and give them shelters until they could be sent back to their original countries. This idea of free ports came up by Samuel Grafton, a popular columnist of the New York Post. In addition, the War Refugee Board pressured against the Axis satellites. They reminded them that if they kept mistreating the Jews, the mistreatments would not go away and it would have terrible consequences. However, this action was not approved by the State department. They thought that these undiplomatic messages were placing the neutrals in an uncomfortable position. On the contrar y, these warnings did have a positive effect to rescue the Jews. For instance, the Rumanian officials feared the threats and agreed to evacuate the Transnistrian concentration camps (Morse, 317). This effort mostly succeed by the help of Ira Hirschmann an ambassador in Ankara who was determined to rescue the Jews after his visit to Evian. Hirschman persuaded the Rumanian government to issue transit visas so that thousands of Jews can go the sanctuary in Palestine. Also, he requested the Rumanian government to empty the Transnistrian camps which had only 48,000 survivals out of 185,000 Jews. Even when the United States was late in rescuing the Jews, the efforts were still counted. For instance, the War Refugee Board expedited the transmission of funds to Switzerland to pay for the Red Cross relief supplies and other rescue operation (Morse, 330). Sadly, the victory came rather late. More than 4,000,000 Jews were already in ashes (Feingold, 85) The conflict between the State department and the Treasury department made it hard for the Americans to rescue the Jews. It all started when Gerhart Riegner the representative in Switzerland of the World Jewish Congress tried to send a message to Rabbi Wise who was the president of the World Jewish Congress to know about the plan of physically annihilate the Jews of Europe in August, 1942. However, Riegner message did not go to Rabbi Wise immediately. It was suppressed by the State Departments Division of European Affairs with general agreement that the facts had not yet been verified. The message did not reach Rabbi Wise until August 28 through the London branch of the World Jewish Congress. In the final months of 1942, the stories about the mass murder of the Jews in Europe shocked the Jewish community. There was an opportunity for the Jews in Rumania to survive. Riegner also attempted to forward the information to the America about rescuing the Rumanian Jews when their governmen t was willing to co-operate to transfer seventy thousand Jews to any refuge selected by the Allies but his message ended up in the State Departments telegram number 354 of February 10, 1943 (Morse, 73). His second part of the message was asking the money to rescue the children in French concentration camps and the United States government must give the license to transmit the funds. However, the State Department did not believe Riegner message and they procrastinated to give Riegner the answer. Until December 23, 1943, the State Department issued the license to Riegner to rescue the Jews in Rumania and France (Morse, 86). The wait time to authorize Riegner the license was eight months in total. Moreover, on March 2, 1944, the War Refugee Board prepared a message to send to the Red Cross. However, this message was shot down by the State Departmentdue to the regulations of U.S British blockade of Europe. The message from the Board was sent on March 23 and not until April 29 the message was delivered (Morse, 326). The International Committee of the Red Cross had remained silent in the face of Nazi murder. The Board tried to reach out to the Red Cross from time to time and request them to take action and obtain humanitarian treatment for the helpless Jews in German. However, it never went through. The representatives from the Red Cross said they had no legal rights to force German to improve the treatment of the Jews. Their only concern were the prisoners of war and civilians. The War Refugee Board wanted the Red Cross to urge the German and its satellites to treat Jews on a status equal to the prisoners. If they turned this down, the Red Cross should demand the right to ship and distribute food packages to inmates of the German camps. With constant pressuring the Red Cross from the War Refugee Board and the help of Prince Johannes Schwarzenberg who was an anti Nazi aristocrat, they found a way to provide food for the Jews in the camps. In addition, the racial conflicts in the government was one of the motive that suppressed the rescuing of the Jews within the State Department. Breckinridge Long the chief architect of the State Department held a grudge against the Jews. As he saw the fight against the refugees as a battle against Jewish Communist agitators who were trying to ruin his political career. One of his tactics to downplay the rescue projects was to call the Jews political refugees even though the problem was only about the Jews in Europe. Also, the racial discrimination was proven by a conversation that was heard by a friend of Josiah Dubois a Treasury Department official. That Jew Morgenthau and his Jewish assistants like Dubois are trying to take over this place (Morse, 324). Even when Mrs. Ruth Shipley who headed the Passport Division asked if all the employers in the Board were American. John Pehle was surprised by the question and asked why would Mrs. Ruth Shipley asked that. Mrs. Shipley simply sa id: Well, Ive never read cables like those your people send. They just arent worded like our cables (Morse, 324) The racial discrimination was deep-rooted in the State Department. It was one of the barriers to help the helpless Jews out of Nazis rules. The media, specifically the New York Times failed to cover the fate of the Jews from 1938 to 1945. It passed many chances to inform the public about the unimaginable scale of murder of the Jews in Europe under Hitlers command. The genocide happened in the same time with the war in Europe on September 1, 1939 to nearly six years later 1945, the New York Times and other media suppressed the stories and treated the mass murder as a secondary story. According to Leff, the media did publish some of the stories about what was happening to the Jews, an average of 17 stories in a month in the Times. However, throughout the years in war, the destruction of the Jews only made the Times front page just 26 times. In those 26 times, only six stories portrayed the Jews as the victims of the mass murder. The stories are never appear back to back and the paper rarely highlighted the problems in the News of the Week or the magazine section. For instance, the Times first story on the mass slaughter was on page five of the paper. On that same paper, the story of the deaths of some civilians appeared on the front page. Some may say that the New York Times did not have enough information to write stories or the good sources. Conversely, the Times had a good idea of what was happening to Europes Jews. Even after the Allied governments confirmed the truth of the Holocaust in December, 1942, the paper did not change its coverage. There are three main explanations to this matter. The first one was the overwhelming demands of covering a world war. The World War II involved two groups of countries which were the Axis Powers and the Allies. There were total twelve countries that were involved in the war. Comparing that to the small minority group such as the Jews in Europe might make it hard to recognize the suffering they had to endure at that time. The second reason explained why some journalist found it hard to believe the authenticity of the sources. In World War I, there were a lot of fake stories about the death factories and mass gassings which was too horrific to be believed. When World War II happ ened after two decades, the journalists became more experienced and skeptical. Moreover, some of the journalists did not believe the information simply because it was too horrible. The last reason for the lack of coverage for the horrified large scale murder was the United States government. The press mainly based their news on what the government did or said and since the government did little action on the matter of rescuing the Jews, it was considered not important. In addition, the papers were afraid it would bring too much attention to the public that the America was trying to win the war to rescue the Jews. These three reasons help explain why the press downplayed the news of the Holocaust. However, during all those times, not all the front page covers were about the war. The New York Times printed twelve to fifteen front -page stories every day and only half of these were about the war. Moreover, the comparison between the numbers of deaths between the victims of the war and the extermination of the Jews were not fair. As Leff stated in her book, the murder of the Jews was not just collateral damage. It is safe to conclude that the Jews alone were singled out for complete eradication in a systematic and purposeful program (Leff, 6). As stated in the website uhsmm.org, very few reports about the Holocaust included photographs. Only after May 1945, the final days of the war and the victory of the Allied, there were more visual evidence of Nazi atrocities in American newspapers and magazines (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). In conclusion, many choices were made during the crisis which did not base on human concerns. The conflicts within the Americas government, between the State Department and the Treasury Department delayed the rescue missions. The War Refugee Board went over and beyond to help the victims running from the death camps. However, since it was established in 1944, it rescued thousands of Jews but it was too late to rescue millions (Feingold, 262). Moreover, the New York Times and other mass media at the time did not efficiently inform the Americans about the Holocaust. Most of the Americans did not know about the Holocaust as it was happening. Additionally, the media treated the mass murder of millions of Jews as secondary news. According to Leff, the New York Times was unique in the information and other American press too cues from the Times. If the mass media was able to bring the facts and the stories about the extermination of the Jews to the public, many more Jews would have been sa ved and survived from the Nazis rule (Leff, 358). Works Cited Page Dwork, Deborah, and R J. Pelt. Holocaust: A History. New York: Norton, 2002. Print. Feingold, Henry L. Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press, 1995. Print. Leff, Laurel. Buried by the Times: The Holocaust and Americas Most Important Newspaper. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Print. McMillan, Dan. How Could This Happen: Explaining the Holocaust. , 2014. Print. Morse, Arthur D. While Six Million Died; a Chronicle of American Apathy. New York, Random House [1968], 1968. EBSCOhost, 0-search.ebscohost.com.lasiii.losrios.edu/login.aspx?direct=truedb=cat01047aAN=lrois.b1019655site=eds-livescope=site. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The United States and the Holocaust. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2017.